#El nino sin nombre pdf converter drivers
The recent outbreaks of fatal diseases among people highlight the need to gain a better understanding of the drivers of viral spillovers from wildlife, especially from bats to humans (Drexler et al. Although AstVs are not known to cause EIDs, they are a suitable model to understand the ecology of RNA viruses because they have typically high prevalence rates in bat populations (Chu et al. Studies on coronavirus ecology are particularly interesting because the transmission of CoVs between animals, including humans, is expected to continue (Ge et al. 2005) and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (Corman et al. Bats carry CoVs related to those causing severe diseases in humans, e.g., SARS-CoV (Li et al. CoVs are an important cause of diseases in humans and other animals and have been found in more than 100 bat species in America, Africa, Europe, Australia and Asia (Woo et al. 2006), and previous studies have reported no apparent clinical signs of disease in AstV- or CoV-infected bats (Dominguez et al. Whether astroviruses (AstVs) and coronaviruses (CoVs) cause acute or chronic infection in bats is still unclear (Chu et al.
Two families of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses are of particular interest: Astroviridae and Coronaviridae.
The majority of bat-borne zoonotic viruses are ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses (Smith and Wang 2013) that can be highly prevalent in bat populations (Wang et al. The most fatal epidemics in the past decade, such as HIV/AIDS, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), filoviruses (e.g., Ebola and Marburg virus) and influenza, are viral diseases that originated from wildlife species (Morse et al. Thus, we need an improved understanding of the drivers of EIDs in order to prevent their emergence and mitigate potential outbreaks caused by these zoonotic pathogens (Morse et al. Therefore, it is likely that cross-species transmissions will occur, which might potentially result in disease outbreaks with high morbidity and mortality (Li et al. Due to growing human populations and increased demand for natural resources in this region, ecosystems are deteriorating at unprecedented rates. Thus, Southeast Asia has been suggested as a hot spot for EIDs (Morse et al. Southeast Asia is characterized by a combination of dense and increasing human population and associated anthropogenic activities such as modification of natural habitats by agricultural land use, as well as a high biodiversity supporting pathogen diversity (Morse et al. 2014 Epstein and Field 2015 Schneeberger and Voigt 2016). Involved processes include bushmeat consumption, deforestation, habitat fragmentation, agricultural land use and urbanization (Calisher et al. Anthropogenic encroachment of natural habitats is considered as one of the primary drivers promoting interspecies transmission of pathogens from wildlife reservoirs to humans (Brearley et al. 2013), the majority being caused by pathogens associated with wildlife species (Taylor et al. The identification of risk factors for increased viral shedding that may potentially result in increased interspecies transmission is important to prevent viral spillovers from bats to other animals, including humans.Įmerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are a critical threat to both human and animal health (Jones et al. Second, there was a trend that individuals with a poor body condition had a higher probability of shedding astroviruses in their feces. First, the detection rate of astroviruses was higher at the beginning of the rainy compared to the dry season. Additionally, we identified two more risk factors influencing astrovirus shedding. However, we found that bats infected with either astro- or coronaviruses were likely to be coinfected with the respective other virus. In contrast to our hypothesis, anthropogenic habitat disturbance was not associated with corona- and astrovirus detection rates in fecal samples. Here, we tested in a paleotropical forest with ongoing logging and fragmentation, whether habitat disturbance influences the occurrence of astro- and coronaviruses in eight bat species. Bats are known to host viruses closely related to important EIDs. Habitat deterioration may also negatively affect the physiology and health of wildlife species, which may eventually lead to a higher susceptibility to infectious agents and/or increased shedding of the pathogens causing EIDs. Most EIDs appear to result from increased contact between wildlife and humans, especially when humans encroach into formerly pristine habitats. Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are considered a major threat to global health.